关于人民法院审理离婚案件处理子女抚养问题的若干具体意见
最高人民法院
关于人民法院审理离婚案件处理子女抚养问题的若干具体意见
1993年11月3日，最高人民法院
人民法院审理离婚案件，对子女抚养问题，应当依照《中华人民共和国婚姻法》第二十九条、第三十条及有关法律规定，从有利于子女身心健康，保障子女的合法权益出发，结合父母双方的抚养能力和抚养条件等具体情况妥善解决。根据上述原则，结合审判实践，提出如下具体意见：
1、两周岁以下的子女，一般随母方生活，母方有下列情形之一的，可随父方生活：
（1）患有久治不愈的传染性疾病或其他严重疾病，子女不宜与其共同生活的；
（2）有抚养条件不尽抚养义务，而父方要求子女随其生活的；
（3）因其他原因，子女确无法随母方生活的。
2、父母双方协议两周岁以下子女随父方生活，并对子女健康成长无不利影响的，可予准许。
3、对两周岁以上未成年的子女，父方和母方均要求随其生活，一方有下列情形之一的，可予优先考虑：
（1）已做绝育手术或因其他原因丧失生育能力的；
（2）子女随其生活时间较长，改变生活环境对子女健康成长明显不利的；
（3）无其他子女，而另一方有其他子女的；
（4）子女随其生活，对子女成长有利，而另一方患有久治不愈的传染性疾病或其他严重疾病，或者有其他不利于子女身心健康的情形，不宜与子女共同生活的。
4、父方与母方抚养子女的条件基本相同，双方均要求子女与其共同生活，但子女单独随祖父母或外祖父母共同生活多年，且祖父母或外祖父母要求并且有能力帮助子女照顾孙子女或外孙子女的，可作为子女随父或母生活的优先条件予以考虑。
5、父母双方对十周岁以上的未成年子女随父或随母生活发生争执的，应考虑该子女的意见。
6，在有利于保护子女利益的前提下，父母双方协议轮流抚养子女的，可行准许。
7、子女抚育费的数额，可根据子女的实际需要、父母双方的负担能力和当地的实际生活水平确定。
有固定收入的，抚育费一般可按其月总收入的百分之二十至三十的比例给付。负担两个以上子女抚育费的，比例可适当提高，但一般不得超过月总收入的百分之五十。
无固定收入的，抚育费的数额可依据当年总收入或同行业平均收入，参照上述比例确定。
有特殊情况的，可适当提高或降低上述比例。
8、抚育费应定期给付，有条件的可一次性给付。
9、对一方无经济收入或者下落不明的，可用其财物折抵子女抚育费。
10、父母双方可以协议子女随一方生活并由抚养方负担子女全部抚育费。但经查实，抚养方的抚养能力明显不能保障子女所需费用，影响子女健康成长的，不予准许。
11、抚育费的给付期限，一般至子女十八周岁为止。十六周岁以上不满十八周岁，以其劳动收入为主要生活来源，并能维持当地一般生活水平的，父母可停止给付抚育费。
12、尚未独立生活的成年子女有下列情形之一，父母又有给付能力的，仍应负担必要的抚育费：
（1）丧失劳动能力或虽未完全丧失劳动能力，但其收入不足以维持生活的；
（2）尚在校就读的；
（3）确无独立生活能力和条件的。
13、生父与继母或生母与继父离婚时，对曾受其抚养教育的继子女，继父或继母不同意继续抚养的，仍应由生父母抚养。
14、《中华人民共和国收养法》施行前，夫或妻一方收养的子女，对方未表示反对，并与该子女形成事实收养关系的，离婚后，应由双方负担子女的抚育费；夫或妻一方收养的子女，对方始终反对的，离婚后，应由收养方抚养该子女。
15、离婚后，一方要求变更子女抚养关系的，或者子女要求增加抚育费的，应另行起诉。
16、一方要求变更子女抚养关系有下列情形之一的，应予支持。
（1）与子女共同生活的，一方因患严重疾病或因伤残无力继续抚养子女的；
（2）与子女共同生活的一方不尽抚养义务或有虐待子女行为，或其与子女共同生活对子女身心健康确有不利影响的；
（3）十周岁以上未成年子女，愿随另一方生活，该方又有抚养能力的；
（4）有其他正当理由需要变更的。
17、父母双方协议变更子女抚养关系的，应予准许。
18、子女要求增加抚育费有下列情形之一，父或母有给付能力的，应予支持。
（1）原定抚育费数额不足以维持当地实际生活水平的；
（2）因子女患病、上学，实际需要已超过原定数额的；
（3）有其他正当理由应当增加的。
19、父母不得因子女变更姓氏而拒付子女抚育费。父或母一方擅自将子女姓氏改为继母或继父姓氏而引起纠纷的，应责令恢复原姓氏。
20、在离婚诉讼期间，双方均拒绝抚养子女的，可先行裁定暂由一方抚养。
21、对拒不履行或妨害他人履行生效判决、裁定、调解中有关子女抚养义务的当事人或者其他人，人民法院可依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百零二条的规定采取强制措施。
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
第一条 为促进对外经济技术合作，顺利开展对外金融活动，加强对外汇担保的管理，根据《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》的规定，特制订本办法。
第二条 本办法所称外汇担保系指以自有外汇资金向境外债权人或境内的外资银行、中外合资银行或外资、中外合资非银行金融机构承诺，当债务人未按合同规定偿付外汇债务时，由担保人用外国货币履行偿付义务的保证，包括：
一、借款担保；
二、融资租赁担保；
三、补偿贸易项下的履约担保；
四、境外工程承包中的债务担保；
五、其它担保。
第三条 国家外汇管理局和外汇管理分局（以下简称“外汇管理部门”）为外汇担保的管理机关，负责外汇担保的审批、管理和登记。
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第四条 允许提供外汇担保的机构和单位限于：
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第五条 金融机构提供的外汇担保余额和对外债务余额之和不得超过自有外汇资金的20倍。
非金融机构提供的外汇担保余额不得超过其自有的外汇资金。
担保人不得为外商投资企业中的外方注册资本担保。
第六条 外汇担保的审批权限：
一、为境内机构对外提供外汇担保，由担保人所在地外汇管理部门审批；
二、为中国驻外企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批；
三、为境内、外的外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批。
第七条 外汇担保的审批范围：
一、境内中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行及交通银行、中信实业银行对外提供的借款担保；
二、除上款所列银行以外的其他金融机构和非金融性质的企业法人对外提供的外汇担保。
第八条 担保人办理担保报批手续时，应向外汇管理部门提供全部或部分下列资料：
一、担保项目可行性研究报告批准件和有关批复文件；
二、担保人自有外汇资金情况的证明；
三、担保人对外债务、担保的文件；
四、担保合同意向书；
五、被担保项下主债务合同或意向书及有关文件；
六、落实反担保措施的文件；
七、为外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，需有外国机构和外资企业的等值外汇资产作抵押的证明。
第九条 担保人提供外汇担保，应与债权人、债务人订立书面合同，订明担保人、债权人、债务人各方面的权利和义务。
一、担保人有权对债务人的资金和财产情况进行监督；
二、债权人有权要求担保人提供其财务报告和外汇收支情况等有关材料；
三、担保人提供担保后，债权人与债务人如需修改所担保的合同，还须取得担保人的同意，并由担保人报外汇管理部门进行审批，如未经担保人同意和外汇管理部门的批准，担保人的担保义务将自行解除；
四、担保人提供担保后，在其所担保的合同有效期内，一旦债务人未按合同规定履行其义务，担保人应履行担保义务。担保人履行担保义务后，有权向债务人进行追偿；
五、担保人提供担保后，在担保合同的有效期内，如债权人未按合同履行其义务，担保人的担保义务将自行解除。担保人有权要求债权人赔偿相应的损失；
六、担保人有权要求债务人落实反担保措施或提供相应的抵押物并收取一定的担保费。
第十条 担保人出具担保后，应到所在地外汇管理部门办理担保登记手续。
一、非金融机构出具担保后，应在10天内到所在地外汇管理部门填写《外汇担保登记表》，领取《外汇担保登记证书》；
二、金融机构实行按月定期登记制，月后15天内填写《外汇担保变动反馈表》，上报上月担保债务变动情况。
第十一条 担保需要展期时，担保人应在债务到期前15天到所在地外汇管理部门申请办理展期手续。办理展期手续时，应持展期债务的有关文件进行重新报批。
第十二条 担保项下债务到期或履行完毕以及出现其它终止担保合同情况时，非金融机构的担保人应在10天内将《外汇担保登记证书》退回原发证的外汇管理部门办理核销手续。金融机构按月办理核销手续。
第十三条 对于违反本办法的担保人，外汇管理部门将视情节轻重，对其进行警告、通报、暂停或撤销担保人外汇担保业务并根据《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》的有关规定予以处罚。
第十四条 本办法也适用对外反担保。
第十五条 本办法由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十六条 本办法自公布之日起实施。1987年的《境内机构提供外汇担保的暂行管理办法》同时废止。
(Approved by the People's Bank of China on August 1, 1991 Promul-gated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on September 26,1991)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Measures are hereby formulated with a view to promoting foreign
economic and technical cooperation, developing foreign financial
activities smoothly and strengthening the control of foreign exchange
guarantees, in accordance with the Provisional Regulations for the Foreign
Exchange Control of the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
The term "foreign exchange guarantee" mentioned in these Measures
refers to an undertaking which a guarantor, against its own foreign
exchange funds, promises to guarantee the repayment in foreign exchange
currency to a foreign creditor, a wholly foreign-owned bank, a
Chinese-foreign equity bank or a non-banking financial institution which
is wholly foreign-owned or uses Chinese and foreign investment within
China, in the event of the failure of the debtor to pay its foreign
exchange debt under the contract, including:
(1) loan guarantee;
(2) financial leasing guarantee;
(3) performance guarantee under the compensation trade;
(4) debt guarantee in external contracting projects;
(5) guarantee in other forms.
Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
(hereinafter referred to as the exchange control departments) are the
administrative organs in charge of foreign exchange guarantee, which are
responsible for the examination and approval, administration and
registration of the foreign exchange guarantee.
Article 4
Institutions and units which are permitted to provide a foreign
exchange guarantee are limited to:
(1) financial institutions which have the authority to conduct
foreign exchange guarantee business upon approval;
(2) non-financial enterprises with the status of a legal person which
have foreign exchange income.
No governmental departments and institutions shall provide foreign
exchange guarantee.
Article 5
The total amount of the balance of foreign exchange guarantee issued
by a financial institution together with the balance of its external
liabilities shall not exceed 20 times of its own foreign exchange funds.
The remaining sum of foreign exchange guarantee issued by a
non-financial institution shall not exceed the amount of its own foreign
exchange funds.
Guarantor shall not provide a guarantee to cover the registered
capital of the foreign party to an enterprise with foreign investment.
Article 6
The authority of examination and approval of the foreign exchange
guarantee:
(1) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided externally to an
institution within China, it shall be examined and approved by the
exchange control department in the guarantor's locality;
(2) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a Chinese
enterprise resident in foreign country, it shall be examined and approved
by the State Administration of Exchange Control;
(3) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a foreign
institution and an enterprise with foreign investment at home and abroad,
it shall be examined and approved by the State Administration of Exchange
Control.
Article 7
The scope of examination and approval for foreign exchange guarantee
provided externally:
(1) the loan guarantees provided externally by the Industry and
Commerce Bank of China, the Agriculture Bank of China, the Bank of China,
the Investment Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, the Industry
Bank of China Trust and Investment Corporation within the Chinese
territory;
(2) the foreign exchange guarantees provided externally by other
financial institutions and non- financial enterprises with legal person
status except the banks listed above.
Article 8
When a guarantor goes through the guarantee procedures of submission
and approval, it shall submit to the exchange control department all or
part of the following documents and materials:
(1) the approval documents for the feasibility study report of the
project to be guaranteed and relative written documents;
(2) the certificate of the guarantor's own foreign exchange funds;
(3) documents of guarantor's external liabilities and guarantee;
(4) the letter of intent of the guarantee contract;
(5) the principal debt contract or letter of intent under the
guaranteed proje ct and relative documents;
(6) documents concerning the implementation of counter guarantee
measures;
(7) the mortgage certificate which shows that the guarantee amount
will be sec ured by foreign exchange assets at equivalent value of foreign
institutions and enterprises with foreign investment, when a foreign
exchange guarantee is provided to them.
Article 9
A guarantor who provides foreign exchange guarantee shall conclude
written contract with the creditor and debtor, which specifies the rights
and obligations in all respects of the guarantor, creditor and debtor.
(1) the guarantor has the right to supervise the funds and assets of
the debtor;
(2) the creditor has the right to require the guarantor to provide
the related materials such as its financial statement, information
concerning the exchange
ncome and expenditure, etc.;
(3) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, any amendment to
the guarantee contract by the creditor and debtor shall be subject to the
guarantor's permission, and the guarantor shall report it to the exchange
control department for examination and approval. Otherwise, the
guarantor's obligations of guarantee shall be relieved automatically;
(4) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, in case the
debtor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with the provisions
of the contract during the term of the guarantee contract, the guarantor
shall fulfill its guarantee obligations. After its fulfillment, the
guarantor has the right to require the debtor for reimbursement;
(5) if the creditor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance
with the provisions of the contract during the term of the guarantee
contract after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, the guarantor
will be automatically relieved of its obligations, the guarantor has the
right to require the creditor for reimbursement of the corresponding loss;
(6) the guarantor has the right to require the debtor to implement
the counter guarantee measures or furnish corresponding mortgage, and
charge a fixed amount of guarantee fee.
Article 10
After a guarantee is provided, the guarantor shall go through the
registration formalities with the local department of exchange control
where the guarantor is located.
(1) after a guarantee is provided by a non-financial institution, the
institution shall, within 10 days, fill in the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Form", and obtain the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Certificate";
(2) the financial institutions follow a regular month registration
system, and shall, within 15 days after the last month, fill in the "Form
of Information on Foreign Exchange Guarantee" so as to report the changing
condition of guarantee liabilities in the last month.
Article 11
In the event that an extension of the guarantee term is required, the
guarantor shall apply for the extension to the local exchange control
department 15 days prior to the expiration of the debt. When going through
the extension formalities, the guarantor shall submit the relative
documents concerning the extension to the exchange control department for
a new approval.
Article 12
When a debt under the guarantee becomes due or is repaid, or the
guarantee contract terminates under other conditions, for a non-financial
institution as a guarantor, it shall, within 10 days, return the "Foreign
Exchange Guarantee Registration Certificate" to the original exchange
control department which issued the certificate for verification and
cancellation, and for a financial institution as a guarantor, it shall go
through the formalities of verification and cancellation monthly.
Article 13
If the guarantor violates these Measures, the exchange control
department will, according to the seriousness of the case, impose a
warning, notice of criticism, suspension or cancellation of the
guarantor's foreign exchange guarantee business, and give penalty in
accordance with the provisions of the Implementing Rules of Penalties for
the Violation of Foreign Exchange Control.
Article 14
These Measures shall also apply to the external counter-guarantees.
Article 15
The authority to interpret these Measures resides in the State
Administration of Exchange Control.
Article 16
These Measures will enter into force from the date of promulgation.
The Provisional Measures for the Control of the Issuing Foreign Exchange
Guarantee by Organizations within Chinese Territory promulgated in 1987
shall be abrogated on the same date.
1991年9月9日
